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      .ooo
     'OOOo
 ~ p ooOOOo tion ~
     .OOO
      oO      %% a little
        Oo    fast language.
       'O
        `
       (o)
   ___/ /          
  /`    \ 
 /v^  `  ,
(...v/v^/
 \../::/
  \/::/

~ Potion! ~

Potion is an object- and mixin-oriented (traits) language.

Its exciting points are:

• Just-in-time compilation to x86 and x86-64 machine code function pointers. This means she's a speedy one. Who integrates very well with C extensions.

  The JIT is turned on by default and is considered the primary mode of operation.

• Intermediate bytecode format and VM. Load and dump code. Decent speed and cross- architecture. Heavily based on Lua's VM.

• A lightweight extremely fast generational copying Cheney GC, based on Basile Starynkevitch's work on Qish. http://starynkevitch.net/Basile/qishintro.html

• Bootstrapped "id" object model, based on Ian Piumarta's soda languages. This means everything in the language, including object allocation and interpreter state are part of the object model. (See COPYING for citations.)

• Interpreter is thread-safe and reentrant. I hope this will facilitate coroutines, parallel interpreters and sandboxing.

• Small. Under 10kloc. Right now we're like 6,000 or something. Install sloccount and run: make sloc.

• Reified AST and bytecode structures. This is very important to me. By giving access to the parser and compiler, it allows people to target other platforms, write code analysis tools and even fully bootstrapped VMs. I'm not as concerned about the Potion VM being fully bootstrapped, especially as it is tied into the JIT so closely.

• Memory-efficient classes. Stored like C structs. (Although the method lookup table can be used like a hash for storing arbitrary data.)

• The JIT is also used to speed up some other bottlenecks. For example, instance variable and method lookup tables are compiled into machine code.

However, some warnings:

• Strings are immutable (like Lua) and byte arrays are used for I/O buffers.

• Limited platform support for coroutines. This affects exceptions. I'm and feeling rather uninspired on the matter. Let's hear from you.

• The parser is not GC safe. This affects eval. Do not waste too much memory inside eval.

• No OS threads yet.

~ a whiff of potion ~

5 times: "Odelay!" print.

Or,

add = (x, y): x + y.
add(2, 4) string print

Or,

hello =
  "(x): ('hello ', x) print." eval
hello ('world')

~ how it transpired ~

This isn't supposed to happen!

I started playing with Lua's internals and reading stuff by Ian Piumarta and Nicolas Cannasse. And I, well... I don't know how this happened!

Turns out making a language is a lovely old time, you should try it. If you keep it small, fit the VM and the parser and the stdlib all into 10k lines, then it's no sweat.

To be fair, I'd been tinkering with the parser for years, though.

~ the potion pledge ~

EVERYTHING IS AN OBJECT. However, OBJECTS AREN'T EVERYTHING.

(And, incidentally, everything is a function.)

~ items to understand ~

1. A traditional object is a tuple of data and methods: (D, M).

   D is kept in the object itself. M is kept in classes.

2. In Potion, objects are just D.

3. Every object has an M.

4. But M can be altered, swapped, added to, removed from, whatever.

5. Objects do not have classes. The M is a mixin, a collection of methods.

   Example: all strings have a "length" method. This method comes with Potion. It's in the String mixin.

6. You can swap out mixins for the span of a single source file.

   Example: you could give all strings a "backwards" method. But just for the code inside your test.pn script.

7. You can re-mix for the span of a single closure.

To sum up:

EVERYTHING IS AN OBJECT. EVEN MIXINS ARE OBJECTS. AND, OF COURSE, CLOSURES ARE OBJECTS.

However, OBJECTS AREN'T EVERYTHING. THEY ARE USELESS WITHOUT MIXINS.

~ unique ideas (to be implemented) ~

Potion does have a few unique features underway.

• It is two languages in one.

  The language itself is objects and closures.

  Number add = (x): self + x.<

  But it also includes a data language.

  app = [window (width=200, height=400)
      [button "OK", button "Cancel"]]

  The code and data languages can be interleaved over and over again. In a way, I'm trying to find a middle ground between s-expressions and stuff like E4X. I like that s-expressions are a very light data syntax, but I like that E4X clearly looks like data.

  When s-expressions appear in Lisp code, they look like code. I think it is nice to distinguish the two.

• Deeply nested blocks can be closed quickly. I don't like significant whitespace, personally. But I don't like end end end end.

  
    say = (phrase):
      10 times (i):
        20 times (j):
          phrase print
    _say

  The closing "_ say" ends the block saved to "say" var.

  Normally, blocks are closed with a period. In this case we'd need three periods, which looks strange.

  
    say = ():
      10 times:
        20 times:
          "Odelay!" print
    ...

  If you prefer, you can give it some space. Or you can use a variable name introduced by the block,

  
    say = (phrase):
      10 times (i):
        20 times (j):
          phrase print
    _ phrase
  
    say = (phrase):
      10 times (i):
        20 times (j):
          phrase print
      _ i
    .
  

  Maybe it all looks strange. I don't know. I'm just trying things out, okay?

• Elimination of line noise.

  I avoid @, #, $, %, {}. Stick with ., |, (), [], =, !, ?. Easier on the eyes. These are common punctuations in English.

• I try to defer to English when it comes to punctuation rules.

  Period means "end". (In other langs it means "method call".) Comma breaks up statements. Space between messages gives a noun-verb feeling.

  window open (width=400, height=500)

• Named block args.

  (1, 2, 3) map (item=x, index=i): i display, x + 1.

• Assign is match + bind really (~ planned ~).

  Assignments are side-effects only, but here extended. Atoms on the left-hand side (lhs) are trivial, but we prefer the power of LISP's destructuring-bind within macros, or prolog or elixirs matching. So = is actually a match operator which will recursively check if the expressions on both left and right side match, and binds all found lhs variables.

  
    (1, x) = (1, 2) => (x=2)
    (1, x) = (2, 3) => false
    1 = 2           => false

  _ is a special variable which matches everything, but is never bound, | seperates the head and tail from a list or lick.

  So we can check trees like this:

  
    (_, x, 2)   = (0, 1, 2)   and say x #=> 1
    [_, [x, 1]] = [0, [1, 2]] and say x #=> 1
    [_, x]      = [0, [1, 2]] and say x #=> [1, 2]
    [_ | x]     = [0, 1, 2]   and say x #=> [1, 2]
  
    fun = (a, b): [0, [a, b]].
    [_ | [x, 1]] = fun(1, 2)  and say x #=> 1

~ feverish and fond thankyous ~

I am gravely indebted to Basile Starynkevitch, who fielded my questions about his garbage collector. I favor French hackers to an extreme (Xavier Leroy, Nicolas Cannasse, Guy Decoux, Mathieu Bochard to name only a portion of those I admire) and am very glad to represent their influence in Potion's garbage collector.

Matz, for answering my questions about conservative GC and for encouraging me so much. Potion's stack scanning code and some of the object model come from Ruby.

Steve Dekorte for the Io language, libgarbagecollector and libcoroutine -- I referred frequently to all of them in sorting out what I wanted.

Of course, Mauricio Fernandez for his inspiring programming journal housed at eigenclass.org/R2/ and for works derived throughout the course of it -- extprot most of all. Many of my thoughts about language internals (object repr, GC, etc.) are informed by him.